Proserpina's WunderBlog

Part 3 of the paper story blog.

Posted by: Proserpina, 06:31 PM GMT del 06 Luglio 2012

olympics 2012 london Pictures, Images and Photos

Paper Part 3

Can you imagine a world without paper?

How many pounds of paper per year does each person in the USA use? How many books are read per year? How about newspapers? Look around your house and see how many things are made from paper. Yes, from your toilet paper to your paper money, paper is a necessity. You say that computers are creating a non-paper society, really? In actuality, we now generate more paper than ever before because of computers!

Paper is considered one of the most important inventions of all times. It allowed countries to develop and advance their civilization. For example, an important cultural advancement was the Renaissance Era which would not have occurred without the introduction of paper and the printing press. Also the lower cost of printing books on paper and their availability, stimulated the foundation of new schools and universities. Education which had been restricted to the nobility and upper classes, was now possible for other classes.

Where and when was paper invented?

Paper as we know it has its roots in China. Although recent findings put the invention of paper long before 105 AD, this is the date recognized for the invention of paper. Chinese records name Ts’ai –Lun, from Lei-yang in China, as the inventor of the modern method of making paper. He used rags and other plant fibers, fixed a recipe for paper-making, and refined and popularized paper as a material for writing.

Sample of early paper in China

Stamp showing paper-making in ancient China

The knowledge of paper-making stayed within China for several hundred years before it reached Korea and Japan around 6oo A.D. The manufacture of paper was kept a closely guarded secret until 750 when it reached Samarkand via the silk and trade routes. It is believed that Chinese paper-makers were taken in battle and were forced to share their craft with their captors. From this point the craft spread throughout the Arab regions, to Baghdad in 793, Damascus and Egypt in the 10th century, and Morocco by 1100.

Paper making reached Europe with the coming of the Arabs. Manufacturing of paper began in the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. Around the year 1151 the first paper mill in Europe was built in the city of Xativa (in Valencia), Spain. From there, paper-making spread to Italy where the Fabriano paper mills were established in the 13th century (not controlled by Arabs). France, Germany, and other countries followed in the establishment of paper mills. The first paper mill set up in England was in 1490 by John Tate, near Stevenage in Hertfordshire. The first known successful mill in England was set up in Dartford in Kent, in 1588.

The oldest known paper document in the West is the Mozarab Missal of Silos, from the 11th century. Probably it used paper made in the Arab part of the Iberian Peninsula.

The earliest extant European document on paper manufactured in Europe is an order written in Greek and Arabic issued by Adelasia del Vasto in 1109 (Do you remember my Adelasia blog?). The order, which is preserved in the State Archives at Palermo, concerns a salt mine near Castrogiovanni (today Enna). This document was written on paper and not parchment because it wasn’t an ‘important’ document! Microscopic analysis shows that the paper is made from linen cellulose.

Earliest extant European document, order by Alelasia

What’s paper made of? Trees or wood you say? Yes, but not until mid-1800s.

As mentioned, Ts’ai-Lun made his paper from rags and plant fibers. He produced paper sheets from bark of mulberry trees, hemp waste, old rags, and fishnets. The Chinese method of producing paper was adopted and improved by other cultures, but the basic materials to make paper remained the recycled fibers from used textiles, called rags.

The improvement of the difficult process of making paper was completed in the early Middle Ages in the town of Fabriano (province of Ancona), Italy. Rudiments of the early buildings and inscriptions still exist.

Fabriano made high quality paper on an industrial scale and even today has a reputation for fine watermarked paper. Oh yes, Fabriano still produces paper! I often use their fine watercolor paper for my paintings.

The three major innovations that made Fabriano the cradle of modern paper-making are:

“1) Use of animal gelatin to surface size the paper,

2) Invention of a hydraulic press to work the pulp, to replace what were effectively manual pestle and mortars.

3) Watermark technique, a brass wire motif is stitched onto the sieve plate of the cylinder press. The fibres are less dense at this point so more light can pass through the paper. Each paper has its own unique watermark.”

(http://www.greatart.co.uk/The-World-of-Fabriano- -2184.html)

Existing remnants of original Fabriano paper mill.

For a virtual tour of the Fabriano museum including a video making paper in the old fashioned way please go to: http://www.viamar.org/mdcf/start.html

Gutenberg and his printing press

In 1448 Johannes Gutenberg was credited with inventing the printing press (it is believed that moveable type was invented hundreds of years earlier in Asia). Gutenberg used paper instead of parchment to do the first printing in Europe!

When Gutenberg produced his first Bible around 1456, Europe was still using parchment and so he printed a few Bibles on parchment. For each Bible on parchment he needed 300 sheep! Certainly mass production of books on parchment was not advisable but paper made from linen rags was a solution.

Documents and books could now be reproduced quickly and in large quantities. It was around this time that Gutenberg began his Bible project, the printing of 200 copies of the Gutenberg Bibles. They were all sold at the 1455 Frankfurt Fair. About 50 of these Bibles survive today.

One of the Gutenberg Bibles

Booksellers in the Middle Ages rarely had ready-made books in their shop. Usually a book would be ordered, after the order the book would be copied by hand, to be picked up by the buyer several months later. By using paper Gutenberg was able to easily print many copies of the same book, the first mass production of books in history was on its way.

Imagine the disbelief and confusion when someone offered for sale many copies of the same book! There is a story about Gutenberg’s partner that when he offered 20 identical copies of the Bible to a bookseller in Paris, he was forced to quickly flee for his life! People were certain that the only explanation for this occurrence was that the man was in league with the devil!

Within decades there were many printing shops set up in many cities in Central, Western, and Eastern Europe. Italy, a center of early printing, established print shops in 77 cities by 1500. Many printing centers emerged in Italy with Venice as a major printing center. One major early Venetian printer of classic books was Aldus Manutius.

A few notes of interest:

1.Increased demand for rags created a huge shortage and as a result there actually were “rag wars” during the 1700s! Nations passed laws forbidding rags to be taken out of the country! As expected rag smuggling became a lucrative business! To save cotton and linen rags, England even decreed that the dead could be buried only in wool. Of course the wool industry was probably also protecting its weakening industry.

2.China was not the only culture that developed paper as we know it today, there were other cultures who had invented similar papers. The Mayan culture was one of those cultures that had invented paper. In fact there were many books in existence at the time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatan, in the 16th century. Unfortunately in the effort to spread the Christian religion, in 1562 Bishop Diego de Landa ordered that the books be destroyed.

The Maya codices are folding books stemming from the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, written in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark cloth. A few of the Myan books were saved from destruction and were brought to Europe.

Today there are three codices whose authenticity is beyond doubt. The codices are named after the City where they are located. They are:

The Madrid Codex (112 pages)
The Dresden Codex (74 pages) T
The Paris Codex (22 pages).

A page from the Dresden Codex

Do you know which city is called The Paper City? The answer will be found in the 4th and hopefully last section of the paper blog!

Bee-utiful! (Proserpina)

He loves me, (Proserpina)

he loves me not

Oh Butterfly... (Proserpina)

...you are worth the pain! While taking this photo, I was bitten by two wasps! I am allergic to wasps and at the moment I have two huge red areas on my arm, very swollen, and am in a lot of pain. I am also full of Benadryl, and fully slathered in Aloe Vera, Cortisone, Antibiotic, Solarcane. One of them should work! And it is all worth it for the love of Butterflies!

Butterfly Pause (Proserpina)

No garden truly blooms until butterflies have danced upon it - K. D'Angelo

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101. redagainPatti 04:58 PM GMT del 23 Luglio 2012
Hey darling! Thanks for dropping into my little corner your sweet photos!.. I came back home from camping only to slip in my carport.. think I broke a toe, will see the doctor at 2:00 today just to check it out and teach me how he wants me to wrap it. It is still swelled up this morning and red color. Nothing to be done but be happy it is summer and I can wear loose flip-flops. I was barefoot last night and hit a wet spot in the carport, slipped with my left foot going one way and the other, to the other way.. my left foot ended up slamming into the tire of my car while my knee hit the ground soon afterwards. sigh! .. should had been watching where I placed my feet.. Member Since: Luglio 10, 2005 Posts: 116 Comments: 1453

102. sandiquiz 05:03 PM GMT del 23 Luglio 2012
Hi Pros - I gave myself 30 minutes to rush around WU-ville before I need to get my dinner, and feed a very annoying cat! Hope you are having a good day! Member Since: Ottobre 29, 2005 Posts: 254 Comments: 22597

103. Proserpina 11:45 PM GMT del 23 Luglio 2012
Hello. If anyone has been wondering where I have been, I have been right here but generally not blogging. I am fine despite my summer flu-like symptoms. As soon as my head clears and goes back to its regular size, I will answer your posts. Take care. Member Since: Maggio 6, 2008 Posts: 153 Comments: 16828

104. Ylee 03:27 AM GMT del 24 Luglio 2012
Hope you feel better soon! Member Since: Febbraio 3, 2011 Posts: 67 Comments: 11538

105. sandiquiz 06:40 AM GMT del 24 Luglio 2012
Oh, a summer cold is much worse than a winter one I always feel:( Drink plenty and take care:) Member Since: Ottobre 29, 2005 Posts: 254 Comments: 22597

106. Proserpina 10:38 PM GMT del 24 Luglio 2012
Hello. I have had a nice lazy day. I did get some chores done, the laundry, the dishes, and similar house chores. Even took Koko for her walk. I also have started to write the 4th section of the paper blog. Hi Sandi, I just saw in the news a red bus doing push ups? I believe it is in London. I am looking forward to the opening ceremony, I have seen every one of them for as long as I can remember. The weirdest was, in my opinion, the last one from France. Some have been beautiful. Some ostentatious. Some hollywood productions. So what is England going to treat us to?! Ylee, thank you. I am fine, the sleep I got last night helped a lot. Patti, what are you doing falling? Thank goodness you did not break a leg or arm or... Are you feeling any pain today? Yes, I do know who Lidia is, I have watched her cooking show. Her specialty is northern Italian cooking, the area she and her parents are from. She has a well known restaurant in NY. I find her personal story interesting, the part that deals with WWII and the indignities suffered at the hands of the Nazis. She doesn't talk about this phase of her and her family's life. But I am off the food topic. Calabrian cooking is influenced by Greek cooking. The ancient Greeks are a large part of the Calabrian history. GG, yes, photography has its own dangers. And I seem to enjoy living dangerously! Still, wasps or no wasps, I continue to photograph my flowers. My hobby is habit forming! I guess, we can call it my vice! Karen, so glad that you came by and read the paper blog. And glad that you liked it. We do keep the 'scraps of paper' that are associated with our children. I still have a couple on notes that my sons wrote to me, the cute little items they made while they were in the elementary schools, a couple of Boy Scouts items, etc. I also have every card and drawing that my grandchildren ever gave me! The photos you took during your vacation are absolutely gorgeous, I plan to come back to your blog and read what you wrote. Bug, I had no idea that Scuppernongs are white grapes! I learned something, thank you. And no, I have not eaten Scuppernongs but I have eaten Muscadines. And probably drank Muscadine wine a long time ago before I became a teetotaler. Our tiny computer, the one we took for our Italy trip, has 7 or 9 hours of juice! It served us well. Is there anything you can do to get more hours power for yours? Shore, it seems to me that it is a good admonition, and best to remember not to honk at old people! Especially it they are red ants old people! LOL! Alley, all is well here. The nasty symptoms as a result of the wasp bite are gone. This makes my arm happy! How are things your way? Are you having decent weather? I hope that I did not miss anyone who posted in the previous page. Have a wonderful evening everyone. Member Since: Maggio 6, 2008 Posts: 153 Comments: 16828

107. Ylee 09:15 AM GMT del 25 Luglio 2012
I am officially jealous of your lazy day! ;-) I could use a couple of those, myself! Glad you're feeling better! Member Since: Febbraio 3, 2011 Posts: 67 Comments: 11538

108. shoreacres 02:29 PM GMT del 25 Luglio 2012
Speaking of red ants, I do have something for you on that front - but now I MUST get to work! Be back this evening. Have a good day! Member Since: Ottobre 4, 2004 Posts: 196 Comments: 14841

109. sandiquiz 03:03 PM GMT del 26 Luglio 2012
Hi Pros - not seen you around today - hope you are just busy! Had a good few days, with plenty of sunshine. It looks like the spell of warmth might break tomorrow, with thunder storms over London. I do hope not for the opening ceremony, as it is "out door"! Reading the Dr's blog I am wondering if you are having stormy weather, and maybe even lost power. Be safe. Member Since: Ottobre 29, 2005 Posts: 254 Comments: 22597

110. Proserpina 03:54 PM GMT del 26 Luglio 2012
HEAT ADVISORY Issue Date: 151 AM EDT THU JUL 26 2012 Expiration: 800 PM EDT THU JUL 26 2012 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-WASHINGTON-FREDERICK MD-CARROLL- NORTHERN BALTIMORE-HARFORD-MONTGOMERY-HOWARD-SOUTHERN BALTIMORE- PRINCE GEORGES-ANNE ARUNDEL-CHARLES-ST. MARYS-CALVERT- FREDERICK VA-PAGE-WARREN-CLARKE-NELSON-ALBEMARLE-GREENE-MADI SON- RAPPAHANNOCK-LOUDOUN-ORANGE-CULPEPER- PRINCE WILLIAM/MANASSAS/MANASSAS PARK-FAIRFAX- ARLINGTON/FALLS CHURCH/ALEXANDRIA-STAFFORD-SPOTSYLVANIA- KING GEORGE-NORTHERN FAUQUIER-SOUTHERN FAUQUIER-MORGAN-BERKELEY- JEFFERSON- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...WASHINGTON...HAGERSTOWN...FREDERICK... WESTMINSTER...GAITHERSBURG...COLUMBIA...BALTIMORE ...ANNAPOLIS... WALDORF...ST MARYS CITY...WINCHESTER...FRONT ROYAL... CHARLOTTESVILLE...LEESBURG...CULPEPER...MANASSAS. .. MANASSAS PARK...FAIRFAX...ALEXANDRIA...FALLS CHURCH... FREDERICKSBURG...WARRENTON...MARTINSBURG...CHARLE S TOWN 151 AM EDT THU JUL 26 2012 ...HEAT ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 8 PM EDT THIS EVENING... * HEAT INDEX VALUES...105-109 DEGREES INTERSTATE 95 AND EAST...AROUND 105 DEGREES WEST. * MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES...UPPER 90S TO AROUND 100 DEGREES. * IMPACTS...POTENTIAL FOR HEAT EXHAUSTION OR OTHER HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A HEAT ADVISORY MEANS THAT A PERIOD OF HOT TEMPERATURES IS EXPECTED. THE COMBINATION OF HOT TEMPERATURES AND HIGH HUMIDITY WILL COMBINE TO CREATE A SITUATION IN WHICH HEAT ILLNESSES ARE POSSIBLE. DRINK PLENTY OF FLUIDS...STAY IN AN AIR-CONDITIONED ROOM...STAY OUT OF THE SUN...AND CHECK IN ON RELATIVES AND NEIGHBORS. NEVER LEAVE SMALL CHILDREN OR PETS UNATTENDED IN VEHICLES. TEMPERATURES INSIDE THE VEHICLE CAN RAPIDLY CLIMB TO 130 DEGREES. TO REDUCE RISK DURING OUTDOOR WORK...THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION RECOMMENDS SCHEDULING FREQUENT REST BREAKS. ANYONE OVERCOME BY HEAT SHOULD BE MOVED TO A COOL AND SHADED LOCATION. HEAT STROKE IS AN EMERGENCY - CALL 9 1 1. && AIR QUALITY INDEX Issue Date: 426 PM EDT WED JUL 25 2012 Expiration: 400 PM EDT THU JUL 26 2012 THE AIR QUALITY FORECASTS FOR NORTHERN VIRGINIA AND FREDERICK COUNTY VIRGINIA ARE PROVIDED BY THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. THE AIR QUALITY FORECAST FOR THE DC METRO IS PROVIDED BY THE METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS. AIR QUALITY FORECASTS FOR MARYLAND ARE PROVIDED BY THE MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT. DCZ001-MDZ004-009-013-016>018-VAZ042-052>054-2620 00- DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-FREDERICK MD-MONTGOMERY-PRINCE GEORGES- CHARLES-ST. MARYS-CALVERT-LOUDOUN- PRINCE WILLIAM/MANASSAS/MANASSAS PARK-FAIRFAX- ARLINGTON/FALLS CHURCH/ALEXANDRIA- 426 PM EDT WED JUL 25 2012 THE FORECAST THURSDAY FOR THE DC METRO AREA IS CODE LEVEL YELLOW...WHICH IS MODERATE...AND MEANS PEOPLE UNUSUALLY SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY BE MILDLY AFFECTED. PRIMARY POLLUTANT WILL BE OZONE. FOR MORE INFORMATION ON GROUND-LEVEL OZONE AND FINE PARTICLES...VISIT WWW.CLEANAIRPARTNERS.NET. Member Since: Maggio 6, 2008 Posts: 153 Comments: 16828

111. Proserpina 04:13 PM GMT del 26 Luglio 2012
Hi Sandi, I tried to beat the heat by going grocery shopping early this morning. Three hours later I came home and my husband was about to send the search party out! I explained that these days it takes me these many hours to do a full shopping trip. I have put away all of the perishables and the rest is sitting in bags to be put away when I get a little energy back. So, no Sandi, I am not sick, just tired from the shopping/carting food to the car/carting it inside the house. Yes, hubby did help to bring in the groceries from the car to the kitchen. The yard needs a tremendous amount of weeding, clipping, etc. This is the first year that I have had to let my garden go wild! I am sad but what can I do? My back and other problems do not permit me to keep up with the demands of yard upkeep. If I can figure out who to call, I will try to find someone who will do 'menial' yard work such as weeding. Yes, we are under weather alerts, warnings, watches for heat and for storms. I did read the Dr's blog and indeed the area is on the lookout for severe weather, including derecho like activity. We'll see. There were some storms this morning North of us, we did not have any storm activity in my area. I do hope and pray that the Opening will go smoothly! I want the weather to behave, and I want the people to understand that while the Olympics are on, there are some adjustments to be made. That's a known fact when we aspire to be the Nation that gets the Olympics. I am saying this because our news has been interviewing people in London who are bitterly complaining about the traffic and the lane that will be used for Olympic purposes. As we say, DUH! Of course, it is part of the deal. Ok, I must be tired or I would have kept my thoughts to myself! Yup, I blame the tiredness for my lack of tact. Shore, you are dealing with red ants? Are you the red ant? You will let me know when you have a few minutes, I know. So, see you then. Ylee, I wish that I could manufacture a few free hours for you. We all need the rest, regardless our age. Most of my life I was whirlwind of activities on any given day and night. Now, it is imperative that I take time to just rest my body and my mind. Is it hot there today? I guess I need to look at your temps. Time to sit back and look at the new cookbook I just bought. I no longer try many new recipes(nor old ones) but I do like to look at the photos and read the recipes! Why? Who knows! Have a lovely afternoon everyone and stay healthy and safe. Member Since: Maggio 6, 2008 Posts: 153 Comments: 16828

112. palmettobug53 04:56 PM GMT del 26 Luglio 2012
LOL I love to read cookbooks but I seldom use the recipes. I'm glad I'm not the only one. Member Since: Ottobre 7, 2005 Posts: 208 Comments: 21684

113. janetlee 06:42 PM GMT del 26 Luglio 2012
I see you have had a very busy morning also. And a Heat advisory. We do also here. In fact I noticed when I logged on it said it was 121* w/heat indice. Much too hot for man or beast. I like cook books also but do not collect many of them now. I usually watch the cooking shows the find the recipe or just look for something different online. I do more expermental recipes now than I did in the past when cooking for the whole family. Max usually likes everything I do. I can not think of any right now that did not go over very well. I hope you are all propped up with a very large glass of waer right now. Oh, I answered your fish ? in my blog but I'll do it here also. No, we do not eat the fish, we catch & release except for the gkids. They get to eat their catch. Member Since: Marzo 14, 2006 Posts: 46 Comments: 1406

114. GardenGrrl 02:04 PM GMT del 27 Luglio 2012
Hey, are you being affected by the storm outbreak? We had some magnificent cumulus clouds start to tower up into storm clouds yesterday...then broke apart. Was cool watching it try to form. Got my hair cut and colored with highlights yesterday. The color looks nice, very subtle and natural looking but the sides are too short so the curl is gone. Might like it better in a month as it grows out. Member Since: Marzo 25, 2007 Posts: 220 Comments: 7361

115. sandiquiz 02:33 PM GMT del 27 Luglio 2012
Thanks for dropping by my blog - you and half the nation think DB will light the flag, but many will be annoyed if he does! lol We will just have to wait and see. There was a rehearsal for the opening last Friday, and so far I have not seen any "spoilers" - all who attended were asked to keep the secrets, and it seems they have done so. I don't know whether I will watch it all, I might dip in and out, as I get bored easily!! lol Member Since: Ottobre 29, 2005 Posts: 254 Comments: 22597

116. Proserpina 03:31 PM GMT del 27 Luglio 2012
Hi Sandi, well, I am a diehard Olympic fan! I will be watching, God willing,all of it but I always knit, crotchet, do a crossword puzzle,..... Otherwise I would find it intolerable sitting and doing nothing. I hope you will give us a minute by minute updates as you did for the Queen's Jubilee. I enjoyed that a lot. GG, I bet you look great with your haircut, color, and perky personality. I seldom like my haircut the first few weeks but as it grows a little longer I am generally happy with the cut. I need to make an appointment for myself and for Koko! We both look pretty bad! In my area, we have not had any storms, no rain, just hot and humid. I have been outside this morning watering a few spots and now I have two hoses set up to water flower beds in front and back of the house. Should it rain, it will be an added plus! This morning I heard in the news that Houston is the number one spot where people are happy! DC is the second! Happy about what? Janetlee, there was a time when my husband loved everything that I cooked. Now he is finicky about his eating! At times he prefers a sandwich instead of a stew or a slow cooked meal. He likes the meals that take tons of time and effort to prepare! Well, I no longer slave in the kitchen, not often anyways. I used to have a huge collection of cookbooks, international cuisine. I took many cooking courses when I was much younger and tried all of those recipes on family and friends. Usually they were a success but there was one time when we all were grossed out by a chicken mole! Even the dog (not Koko) refused to eat it! Bug, glad that you too like to look at food photos and read recipes. For me it is a vicarious 'cooking experience'. I still subscribe to cooking magazines and now and then buy a cookbook. After a while I give the books and magazines to charities. Have a good day everyone. Member Since: Maggio 6, 2008 Posts: 153 Comments: 16828

117. Alleyoops 02:12 AM GMT del 28 Luglio 2012
Hi PROS. We got a little more rain this afternoon and it was cooler as well with temps only reaching 80 here today. Tomorrow will start out cool too but will warm up to around the same temps again, just without the rain. God willing, I will try to get out in the AM to cut the grass. Just depends on how I feel. If I am feeling anything like this morning, it won't get cut...LOL Well I better get off this thing now, enjoy your Olympics celebration. Talk with ya soon. Member Since: Aprile 18, 2007 Posts: 187 Comments: 29188

118. Ylee 02:41 AM GMT del 28 Luglio 2012
"This morning I heard in the news that Houston is the number one spot where people are happy! DC is the second! Happy about what?" I don't know why, but that struck me as funny!! :)) I have cookbooks and cooking magazines, too, but all I do is just read them. I think I like learning the techniques involved in making the dish more than the dish itself! Hope you are enjoying the opening ceremonies! Member Since: Febbraio 3, 2011 Posts: 67 Comments: 11538

119. Alleyoops 02:47 PM GMT del 28 Luglio 2012
Good morning PROS. Girl you gotta get some rest or Ylee is going to hire you to work the night shift with him at the plant...LOL I was up at 4 AM too but just to feed the kitties, watch the rain pour down and make a pot of fresh coffee then off to bed I went and did not get up until almost 10 AM. Had a nice hot shower and now feel like doing something productive. I did not get to sleep until around 2 AM so the couple of hours before I got up to feed the babies, was just a short nap for me. One good thing about sleeping late in the morning. No afternoon or early evening naps are required. I at least now can have a full day before I need to snooze. Try to get some rest dear one. Don't overdo things today. Will chat soon. BIG HUGS Member Since: Aprile 18, 2007 Posts: 187 Comments: 29188

120. Alleyoops 02:53 PM GMT del 28 Luglio 2012
You asked about my next blog on Buffalo Soldiers. Here is a prelude: Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 22, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The nickname was given to the "Negro Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought; the term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866. Member Since: Aprile 18, 2007 Posts: 187 Comments: 29188

121. Proserpina 01:49 PM GMT del 29 Luglio 2012
Member Since: Maggio 6, 2008 Posts: 153 Comments: 16828

122. ProudestMonkey 02:03 PM GMT del 29 Luglio 2012
. Member Since: Marzo 23, 2006 Posts: 4 Comments: 85

123. aquak9 02:06 PM GMT del 29 Luglio 2012
hi mom, I wish I lived so much closer. Not because of Trader Joe's, although that would be really nice, too. But because, I would love to do the weeding, would love to watch you knit. I'd love to sit cross-legged on the floor for hours and days, reading all your books in the living room. The cookbooks, too. I'd like to sit and look at all the pictures, and go outside and watch the chipmunks come. I'd be patient enough to get the bluejays to eat from my hand. I'd probably make a big mess in your kitchen, but I'd clean it up, too. Then nap upstairs, like a lazy cat. We'd all have coffee later, and I'd steal "Koko's medicine" from the fridge. Thank you for sending it! SO GOOD!! I can only nibble, and smile at my thievery. Of course somewhere, there'd be be fresh dark purple grapes. But not for long. Luckily my imagination runs rampant, enough to give comfort and almost reality. I really love and miss ya'll. Member Since: Agosto 13, 2005 Posts: 163 Comments: 25036

124. spathy 02:19 PM GMT del 29 Luglio 2012
Hi Pros. Thanks for dropping in and sharing that beautiful butterfly. Its almost Aug, can you believe it? BTW Can you knit while not watching what your hands are doing? I used to crochet years ago. If I tried watching TV and not my crochet needle,I am sure my fingers would get incorporated into the project. Have a great day. Hi Aqua :O) Member Since: Giugno 8, 2008 Posts: 65 Comments: 10529

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