Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

Volcanic Winter

Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 01:18 PM GMT del 24 Aprile 2009

"The sun was dark and its darkness lasted for eighteen months; each day it shone for about four hours; and still this light was only a feeble shadow; the fruits did not ripen and the wine tasted like sour grapes." As this Michael the Syrian quote regarding the weather of 536 A.D. demonstrates, a climate catastrophe that blots out the sun can really spoil your day. Procopius of Caesarea remarked: "During this year [536 A.D.] a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness. and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear." Many documents from 535 - 536 A.D.--the time of King Arthur in Britain--speak of the terrible "dry fog" or cloud of dust that obscured the sun, causing widespread crop failures in Europe, and summer frosts, drought, and famine in China. Tree ring studies in Europe confirm several years of very poor growth around that time, and ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica show highly elevated levels of atmospheric sulfuric acid dust existed.

Though some scientists believe the climate calamity of 535-536 A.D. was due to a comet or asteroid hitting the Earth, it is widely thought that the event was probably caused by the most massive volcanic eruption of the past 1500 years. This eruption threw so much sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas into the stratosphere that a "Volcanic Winter" resulted. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid droplets (aerosol particles), which are highly reflective and reduce the amount of incoming sunlight. The potential eruption that led to the 535 - 536 A.D. climate calamity would have likely been a magnitude 7 event on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)--a "super colossal" eruption that one can expect to occur only once every 1000 years. The Volcanic Explosivity Index is a logarithmic scale like the Richter scale used to rate earthquakes, so a magnitude 7 eruption would eject ten times more material than the two largest eruptions of the past century--the magnitude 6 eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines (1991) and Novarupta in Alaska (1912).

Figure 1. An 18 km-high volcanic plume from one of a series of explosive eruptions of Mount Pinatubo beginning on 12 June 1991, viewed from Clark Air Base (about 20 km east of the volcano). Three days later, the most powerful eruption produced a plume that rose nearly 40 km, penetrating well into the stratosphere. Pinatubo's sulfur emissions cooled the Earth by about 1°F (0.5°C) for 1 - 2 years. (Photograph by David H. Harlow, USGS.)

Super-colossal eruptions
There has been only one other magnitude 7 "super-colossal" eruption in the past 1500 years--the massive eruption of the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815. The sulfur pumped by this eruption into the stratosphere dimmed sunlight so extensively that global temperatures fell by about 2°F (1°C) for 1 - 2 years afterward. This triggered the famed Year Without a Summer in 1816. Killing frosts and snow storms in May and June 1816 in Eastern Canada and New England caused widespread crop failures, and lake and river ice were observed as far south as Pennsylvania in July and August. The Tambora eruption was about 40% smaller than the 535 - 536 A.D. event, as measured by the number of sulfur aerosol particles deposited in Greenland ice cores.

In an article published in 2008 in the American Geophysical Union journal EOS, Dr. Ken Verosub of the University of California, Davis Department of Geology estimated that future eruptions capable of causing "Volcanic Winter" effects severe enough to depress global temperatures by 2°F (1°C) and trigger widespread crop failures for 1 - 2 years afterwards should occur about once every 200 - 300 years. Even a magnitude 6 eruption, such as the 1600 eruption of the Peruvian volcano Huaynaputina, can cause climatic change capable of killing millions of people. The Huaynaputina eruption is blamed for the Russian famine of 1601-1603, which killed over half a million people and led to the overthrow of Tsar Boris Godunov. Thankfully, the climatic impacts of all of these historic magnitude 6 and 7 eruptions have been relatively short-lived. After about two years, the sulfuric acid aerosol particles have settled out of the stratosphere, returning the climate to its former state.

Mega-colossal eruptions
Even more extreme eruptions have occurred in Earth's past--eruptions ten times more powerful than the Tambora eruption, earning a ranking of 8 out of 8 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). These "mega-colossal" eruptions occur only about once every 10,000 years, but have much longer-lasting climatic effects and thus are a more significant threat to human civilization. According to the Toba Catastrophe Theory, a mega-colossal eruption at Toba Caldera, Sumatra, about 74,000 years ago, was 3500 times greater than the Tambora eruption. According to model simulations, an eruption this large can pump so much sulfur dioxide gas into the stratosphere that the atmosphere does not have the capacity to oxidize all the SO2 to sulfuric acid aerosol. The atmosphere oxidizes as much SO2 as it can, leaving a huge reservoir of SO2 in the stratosphere. This SO2 gradually reacts to form sulfuric acid as the OH radicals needed for this reaction are gradually produced. The result is a much longer-lasting climate effect than the 1 - 2 years that the magnitude 6 and 7 events of 535, 1600, 1815, and 1991 lasted. A magnitude 8 eruption like the Toba event can cool the globe for 6 - 10 years (Figure 3), which may be long enough to trigger an ice age--if the climate is already on the verge of tipping into an ice age. Rampino and Self (1992) argued that the sulfur aerosol veil from Toba was thick and long-lasting enough to cool the globe by 3 - 5°C (5 - 9°F), pushing the climate--which was already cooling and perhaps headed towards an ice age--into a full-scale ice age. They suggested that the response of Canada to the volcano played a particularly important role, with their model predicting a 12°C (22°F) reduction in summer temperatures in Canada. This would have favored the growth of the Laurentide ice sheet, increasing the reflectivity (albedo) of the Earth, reflecting more sunlight and reducing temperatures further. The controversial Toba Catastrophe Theory asserts that the resulting sudden climate change reduced the Earth's population of humans to 1,000 - 10,000 breeding pairs. More recent research has shed considerable doubt on the idea that the Toba eruption pushed the climate into an ice age, though. Oppenheimer (2002) found evidence supporting only a 2°F (1.1°C) cooling of the globe, for the 1000 years after the Toba eruption. Zielinski et al. (1996) argued that the Toba eruption did not trigger a major ice age--the eruption merely pushed the globe into a cool period that lasted 200 years. Interestingly, a previous super-eruption of Toba, 788,000 years ago, coincided with a transition from an ice age to a warm period.

Figure 2. The 100x30 square kilometer Toba Caldera is situated in north-central Sumatra around 200 km north of the Equator. It is comprised of four overlapping calderas aligned with the Sumatran volcanic chain. Repeated volcanic cataclysms culminated in the stupendous expulsion of the Younger Toba Tuff around 74,000 years ago. The lake area is 100 square kilometers. Samosir Island formed as a result of subsequent uplift above the evacuated magma reservoir. Such resurgent domes are typically seen as the concluding phase of a large eruption. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) browse images for path/row 128/58 (6 September 1999) and 129/58 (21 January 2001) from http://landsat7.usgs.gov/. Copyright USGS. Image source: Oppenheimer, C., 2002, "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba 74 kyr BP?"Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, Issues 14-15, August 2002, Pages 1593-1609.

Figure 3. Total mass of sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere (heavy solid and dotted lines, respectively) modeled for a 6 petagram stratospheric injection of SO2. Observed SO2 and aerosol mass for the 1991 Pinatubo eruption are shown for comparison. The much larger amount of SO2 in the Toba simulation soaks up all available oxidants in the stratosphere leading to a much longer lifetime of SO2 and, in turn, prolonging the manufacture of sulfate aerosol. Data from Read et al. (1993) and Bekki et al. (1996). Image source: Oppenheimer, C., 2002, "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba 74 kyr BP?"Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, Issues 14-15, August 2002, Pages 1593-1609.

When can we expect the next mega-colossal eruption?
Given the observed frequency of one mega-colossal magnitude 8 volcanic eruption every 1.4 million years, the odds of another hitting in the next 100 years is about .014%, according to Mason et al., 2004. This works out to a 1% chance over the next 7200 years. Rampino (2002) puts the average frequency of such eruptions at once every 50,000 years--about double the frequency with which 1-km diameter comets or asteroids capable of causing a similar climatic effect hit the Earth. A likely location for the next mega-colossal eruption would be at the Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming, which has had magnitude 7 or 8 eruptions as often as every 650,000 years. The last mega-colossal eruption there was about 640,000 years ago. But don't worry, the seismic activity under Yellowstone Lake earlier this year has died down, and the uplift of the ground over the Yellowstone caldera that was as large as 7 cm/yr (2.7 inches/yr) between 2004 - 2006 has now fallen to 4 cm/yr, according to the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. The USGS states that "the Yellowstone volcanic system shows no signs that it is headed toward such an eruption. The probability of a large caldera-forming eruption within the next few thousand years is exceedingly low".

What would happen if a magnitude 8 mega-colossal eruption were to occur today?
If a mega-colossal eruption were to occur today, it would probably not be able to push Earth into an ice age, according to a modeling study done by Jones et al. (2005). They found that an eruption like Toba would cool the Earth by about 17°F (9.4°C) after the first year (Figure 3), and the temperature would gradually recover to 3°F (1.8°C) below normal ten years after the eruption. They found that the eruption would reduce rainfall by 50% globally for the first two years, and up to 90% over the Amazon, Southeast Asia, and central Africa. This would obviously be very bad for human civilization, with the cold and lack of sunshine causing widespread crop failures and starvation of millions of people. Furthermore, the eruption would lead to a partial loss of Earth's protective ozone layer, allowing highly damaging levels of ultraviolet light to penetrate to the surface.

Not even a mega-colossal eruption of this magnitude would stop global warming, though. The level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would not be affected by the volcanic eruption, and warming would resume where it left off once the stratospheric dust settled out in a decade. With civilization crippled by the disaster, greenhouse gas emissions would be substantially reduced, though (small solace!) If we really want to say goodbye to civilization, a repeat of the only magnitude 9 eruption in recorded history should do the trick--the magnitude 9.2 La Garita, Colorado blast of 27.8 million years ago (Mason et al., 2004).

Figure 4. Annual near-surface temperature anomalies for the year following a mega-colossal volcanic eruption like the Toba eruption of 74,000 years ago, if it were to occur today. Most land areas cool by 22°F (12°C) compared to average. Some areas, like Africa, cool by 29°F (16°C). Image credit: Jones, G.S., et al., 2005, "An AOGCM simulation of the climate response to a volcanic super-eruption", Climate Dynamics, 25, Numbers 7-8, pp 725-738, December, 2005.

What would happen if a magnitude 7 super-colossal eruption were to occur today?
An eruption today like the magnitude 7 events of 535 A.D. or 1815 would cause cause wide-spread crop failures for 1 - 2 years after the eruption. With food supplies in the world already stretched thin by rising population, decreased water availability, and conversion of cropland to grow biofuels, a major volcanic eruption would probably create widespread famine, threatening the lives of millions of people. Wars over scarce resources might result. However, society's vulnerability to major volcanic eruptions is less than it was, since the globe has warmed significantly in the past 200 years. The famines from the eruptions of 1600 and 1815 both occurred during the Little Ice Age, when global temperatures were about 1.4°F (0.8°C) cooler than today. Crop failures would not be as wide-spread with today's global temperatures, if a suer-colossal eruption were to occur. Fifty years from now, when global temperatures are expected to be at least 1°C warmer, a magnitude 7 eruption should only be able to cool the climate down to year 2009 levels.

Volcanoes also warm the climate
While volcanoes cool the climate on time scales of 1 - 2 years, they act to warm the climate over longer time scales, since they are an important source of natural CO2 to the atmosphere. Volcanoes add 0.1 - 0.3 gigatons (Gt) of carbon to the atmosphere each year, which is about 1 - 3% of what human carbon emissions to the atmosphere were in 2007, according to the Global Carbon Project. In fact, volcanoes are largely responsible for the natural CO2 in the atmosphere, and helped make life possible on Earth. Why, then, haven't CO2 levels continuously risen over geologic time, turning Earth into a steamy hothouse? In fact, CO2 levels have fallen considerably since the time of the dinosaurs--how can this be? Well, volcano-emitted CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by chemical weathering. This occurs when rain and snow fall on rocks containing silicates. The moisture and silicates react with CO2, pulling it out of the air. The carbon removed from the air is then washed into the sea, where it ends up in ocean sediments that gradually harden into rock. Rates of chemical weathering on Earth have accelerated since the time of the dinosaurs, largely due to the recent uplift of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibetan Plateau. These highlands undergo a tremendous amount of weathering, thanks to their lofty heights and the rains of the Asian Monsoon that they capture. Unfortunately, chemical weathering cannot help us with our current high levels of greenhouse gases, since chemical weathering takes thousands of years to remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. It takes about 100,000 years for silicate weathering to remove 63% of the CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, climate models predict that chemical weathering will solve our greenhouse gas problem in about 100,000 - 200,000 years.

For further information
PBS TV special on the 535-536 A.D. disaster.
Newspaper articles on the 535-536 A.D. disaster.
Volcanic winter article from wikipedia.
Realclimate.org has a nice article that goes into the volcano-climate connection in greater detail.

References
Bekki, S., J.A. Pyle, W. Zhong, R. Toumi, J.D. Haigh and D.M. Pyle, 1996, "The role of microphysical and chemical processes in prolonging the climate forcing of the Toba eruption", Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1996), pp. 2669-2672.

Jones, G.S., et al., 2005, "An AOGCM simulation of the climate response to a volcanic super-eruption", Climate Dynamics, 25, Numbers 7-8, pp 725-738, December, 2005.

Rampino, M.R., and S. Self, 1993, "Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of 74,000 years ago", Quaternary Research 40 (1993), pp. 269-280.

Mason, B.G., D.M. Pyle, and C. Oppenheimer, 2004, "The size and frequency of the largest observed explosive eruptions on Earth", Bulletin of Volcanology" 66, Number 8, December 2004, pp 735-748.

Oppenheimer, C., 2002, "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba 74 kyr BP?"Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, Issues 14-15, August 2002, Pages 1593-1609.

Rampino, M.R., 2002, "Supereruptions as a Threat to Civilizations on Earth-like Planets", Icarus, 156, Issue 2, April 2002, Pages 562-569.

Read, W.G., L. Froidevaux and J.W. Waters, 1993, "Microwave Limb Sounder measurements of stratospheric SO2 from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption", Geophysical Research Letters 20 (1993), pp. 1299-1302.

Verosub, K.L., and J. Lippman, 2008, "Global Impacts of the 1600 Eruption of Peru's Huaynaputina Volcano", EOS 89, 15, 8 April 2008, pp 141-142.

Zielinski, G.A. et al., 1996, "Potential Atmospheric Impact of the Toba Mega-Eruption 71,000 Years Ago", Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 8, pp. 837-840, 1996.

Portlight moves to provide relief for South Carolina wildfires
South Carolina's biggest wildfire in more than three decades --a blaze four miles wide--destroyed dozens of homes near Myrtle Beach yesterday. Portlight Strategies, Inc. is preparing to respond to this disaster, focusing on providing drinks and sanitary products to firefighters, particularly to rural volunteer fire departments and other first responders which do not have the same resources as some of the larger paid departments. To help out, visit the Portlight South Carolina fire relief web page. Thanks!

Jeff Masters

Categories: Climate Change Volcano

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1901. melwerle 08:49 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
1900. NO KIDDING. Now I'm beginning to remember a bit more about last season. Member Since: Giugno 28, 2006 Posts: 12 Comments: 1837

1902. Cavin Rawlins 08:49 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
I'm going to see if other models come onboard at 18Z like the NAEFS. Member Since: Luglio 24, 2005 Posts: 407 Comments: 19076

1903. RevInFL 08:49 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Hey dumb question all. I have new computer and can't find all the links to GFS and such. Can someone post them so I can bookmark them. Crazy that I am having to do this a little early. Thanks. Member Since: Settembre 6, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 123

1904. hurricane23 08:53 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting RevInFL: Hey dumb question all. I have new computer and can't find all the links to GFS and such. Can someone post them so I can bookmark them. Crazy that I am having to do this a little early. Thanks. All Here Member Since: Maggio 14, 2006 Posts: 8 Comments: 13327

1905. melwerle 08:54 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
1904. Adrian - you and SJ have the best sites...everything you want or need is right there without having to bookmark a billion things. LOVE IT. Member Since: Giugno 28, 2006 Posts: 12 Comments: 1837

1907. Orcasystems 08:56 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Blog Refresh Mirror Site Daily Area of Interest Click to enlarge Member Since: Ottobre 1, 2007 Posts: 77 Comments: 26110

1908. Drakoen 08:57 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
A lot of the GFS ensembles show something developing. Member Since: Ottobre 28, 2006 Posts: 57 Comments: 29012

1909. RevInFL 08:58 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
1904. Thanks a bunch!!! Member Since: Settembre 6, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 123

1910. Drakoen 08:58 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Vortex95: Well Drak the model switched from hitting Cuba to sigh* Hati. Still have plently of time for it to change if it so develops.* Not really about track. Member Since: Ottobre 28, 2006 Posts: 57 Comments: 29012

1912. presslord 08:59 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
...so....ah...Drak... Where's it gonna hit? Member Since: Agosto 13, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 10405

1913. hurricane23 08:59 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting melwerle: 1904. Adrian - you and SJ have the best sites...everything you want or need is right there without having to bookmark a billion things. LOVE IT. Melwerle thanks for the complement really appreciate it. Member Since: Maggio 14, 2006 Posts: 8 Comments: 13327

1914. hurricane23 09:00 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting RevInFL: 1904. Thanks a bunch!!! No problem. Member Since: Maggio 14, 2006 Posts: 8 Comments: 13327

1915. futuremet 09:00 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting presslord: ...so....ah...Drak... Where's it gonna hit? In your backyard lol Member Since: Luglio 19, 2008 Posts: 43 Comments: 4049

1916. presslord 09:00 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
...and please, please, please let me have been the first person this season to have asked that.... Member Since: Agosto 13, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 10405

1917. KEEPEROFTHEGATE (Mod) 09:01 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Vortex95: Well Drak the model switched from hitting Cuba to sigh* Hati. Still have plently of time for it to change if it so develops.* where its going will change a thousand times the fact that it showing something is what to watch once we get it actually forming then we will nail down track Member Since: Luglio 15, 2006 Posts: 147 Comments: 41318

1921. KEEPEROFTHEGATE (Mod) 09:05 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
they really dont need it but somebody gets it if it forms i guess who that will be remains to be seen and this could all disappear as fast as it has shown up Member Since: Luglio 15, 2006 Posts: 147 Comments: 41318

1922. melwerle 09:06 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Vortex95: Mr. Drak what do you think is the diffrence between a 60 mph TS and a 65 mph ts. I heard its faster. What is your take? Thanks for that...time to get some paper towels to clean my beer off the desk. Member Since: Giugno 28, 2006 Posts: 12 Comments: 1837

1923. presslord 09:06 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
What do a tornado and an Alabama divorcee have in common? They both always get the trailer... Member Since: Agosto 13, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 10405

1924. tallahasseecyclone 09:07 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
When you lay down in the middle of the street, you tend to get run over by a few cars. Quoting StSimonsIslandGAGuy: Just like tornadoes seem to be attracted to mobile home parks, tropical systems seem to be attracted to Haiti.... (sigh)

1925. melwerle 09:08 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
1923. LOL!!!!!!! Member Since: Giugno 28, 2006 Posts: 12 Comments: 1837

1927. SevereHurricane 09:12 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Vortex95: Note the model bringing the storm farther north and west, closer to the coast line, and actually getting into the southeast Gulf in two weeks, then turning northeast and east to cross southernmost Florida! Gotta love accuweather^^ That's why you can't depend on them. Can you imagine what Joey is telling his clients?I heard he said it probably might happen and it will move randomly... Member Since: Settembre 7, 2008 Posts: 17 Comments: 1604

1928. CaneAddict 09:14 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Good late afternoon all! Drak, Mel, 23, and everyone else. Earlier this weekend I was not paying too much attention to the GFS storm but I will say i'm starting to believe in the model as it continues to consistently forecast something developing and it's getting closer to the time frame in which it should develop. As far as track...first let's see if something actually materlizes..but I am deffinitely starting to have some faith in the GFS...lets see what actually happens...I'm out for now...will be back later around 9PM if I can't access the site from work. play nice :) Member Since: Ottobre 5, 2007 Posts: 3 Comments: 2151

1929. SevereHurricane 09:15 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting CaneAddict: Good late afternoon all! Drak, Mel, 23, and everyone else. Earlier this weekend I was not paying too much attention to the GFS storm but I will say i'm starting to believe in the model as it continues to consistently forecast something developing and it's getting closer to the time frame in which it should develop. As far as track...first let's see if something actually materlizes..but I am deffinitely starting to have some faith in the GFS...lets see what actually happens...I'm out for now...will be back later around 9PM if I can't access the site from work. play nice :) So you will be back for witch hour? Member Since: Settembre 7, 2008 Posts: 17 Comments: 1604

1930. beell 09:15 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Drakoen: Looks like Accuweather is keeping an eye on things: Link You think he could of thrown an MJO or two in there. Keep it simple, I guess! Member Since: Settembre 11, 2007 Posts: 126 Comments: 13068

1931. SevereHurricane 09:16 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Vortex95: Mr. Drak what do you think is the diffrence between a 60 mph TS and a 65 mph ts. I heard its faster. What is your take? LOL... Member Since: Settembre 7, 2008 Posts: 17 Comments: 1604

1934. beell 09:20 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting hurricaneseason2006: Just so I'm sure who to listen to is Drakoen a meteorologist? I only want a tropical meteorologist's perspective on the lastest GFS runs, not stolen rubbish. People in hell want ice water Member Since: Settembre 11, 2007 Posts: 126 Comments: 13068

1935. Stormchaser2007 09:22 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting hurricaneseason2006: Just so I'm sure who to listen to is Drakoen a meteorologist? I only want a tropical meteorologist's perspective on the lastest GFS runs, not stolen rubbish. It doesnt matter if hes a met or not....all that matters is that hes got some damn good information. Also Weather456 is very good as well. Member Since: Giugno 9, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15294

1936. presslord 09:22 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Drak is a meteorological deity...be respectful...lest He smite you... Member Since: Agosto 13, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 10405

1937. Stormchaser2007 09:24 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
. Member Since: Giugno 9, 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15294

1939. CaneAddict 09:25 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting SevereHurricane: So you will be back for witch hour? Haha, sure if that's what you wanna call it! Oh almost forgot..for those interested I may try to get to my site tonight and update it a little bit..and maybe make a blog entry on this GFS system...and as I said last week May 1st I will release my 2009 Thoughts on the hurricane season :) thanks. Canewatch Forecast Center Member Since: Ottobre 5, 2007 Posts: 3 Comments: 2151

1940. Sierelle 09:25 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Presslord I'm divorced I live in Alabama, but I don't live in a trailor. Member Since: Agosto 2, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 8

1943. KEEPEROFTHEGATE (Mod) 09:28 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
well hurricane 2006 i know one thing you will be replaced with empty space just like you have in your head Member Since: Luglio 15, 2006 Posts: 147 Comments: 41318

1944. presslord 09:28 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
OK...there's an exception to every rule... Men shouldn't get married...thus risking divorce....just find a woman you hate and buy her a house.... Member Since: Agosto 13, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 10405

1946. Cavin Rawlins 09:30 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting presslord: OK...there's an exception to every rule... Men shouldn't get married...thus risking divorce....just find a woman you hate and buy her a house.... lol Member Since: Luglio 24, 2005 Posts: 407 Comments: 19076

1948. CaneAddict 09:30 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting Stormchaser2007: It doesnt matter if hes a met or not....all that matters is that hes got some damn good information. Also Weather456 is very good as well. Pretty much everyone here has some sort of good information to offer..if you wan't the experts go turn on The Weather Channel. lol just bustin ya ;) Member Since: Ottobre 5, 2007 Posts: 3 Comments: 2151

1950. CaneAddict 09:33 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Already, i'm outta here for a few! BBL also nice to see you StormW! Member Since: Ottobre 5, 2007 Posts: 3 Comments: 2151

1951. CJ5 09:33 PM GMT del 28 Aprile 2009
Quoting hurricaneseason2006: Just so I'm sure who to listen to is Drakoen a meteorologist? I only want a tropical meteorologist's perspective on the lastest GFS runs, not stolen rubbish. LOL...quite demanding in your request. Just call the NWS then and save yourself the trouble. Member Since: Luglio 4, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 1711

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